|
The Bereza Kartuska prison ((ポーランド語:Miejsce Odosobnienia w Berezie Kartuskiej), literally "Place of Isolation at Bereza Kartuska") was a Detention Camp in the Second Polish Republic, based in Bereza Kartuska, Polesie Voivodeship (today Biaroza in Belarus). Created on June 17, 1934 by an order of President Ignacy Mościcki, the camp was established to detain people who were viewed by the Polish state as a "threat to security, peace and social order"〔Śleszyński 2003a, p. 16.〕 without formal charges or trial for three months (with the possibility of prolonging the detention indefinitely). Initially most detainees were political opponents of the Sanacja regime, most notably communists, members of far-right parties, and Ukrainian and Belarusian nationalists; starting from October 1937, "notorious" and financial criminals were also sent to the camp.〔Śleszyński 2003a, p. 85.〕 Detainees were supposed to perform penal labour, and at least 13 people died during their stay.〔Śleszyński 2003a, p. 53.〕 It has been described as a concentration camp. The camp ''de facto'' ceased to exist on the night of September 17–18, 1939 when, after learning about the Soviet invasion of Poland, the staff abandoned it.〔Śleszyński 2003a, p. 92.〕 ==History== The institution was created on July 12, 1934, in a former Tsarist prison and barracks at Bereza Kartuska on the authority of a June 17, 1934, order issued by Polish President Ignacy Mościcki. The event that directly influenced Poland's ''de facto'' dictator, Józef Piłsudski, to create the prison was the assassination of Polish Minister of Internal Affairs Bronisław Pieracki on June 15, 1934, by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN).〔 Andrzej Misiuk ''(BIAŁYM ŻELAZEM )'', Gazeta Wyborcza, 12/07/1994〕 It was intended to accommodate persons "whose activities or conduct give reason to believe that they threaten the public security, peace or order."〔 The Bereza Kartuska prison was organized by the director of the Political Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Wacław Żyborski, and the head of that Department's Nationalities Section (''Wydział Narodowościowy''), Colonel Leon Jarosławski. The institution was later supervised by the Governor of Polesie Province, Colonel Wacław Kostek-Biernacki.〔 In the view of some historians, Kostek-Biernacki did not serve as commandant; they identify its commandants as police inspectors Bolesław Greffner (whose given name is sometimes stated as "Jan"), of Poznań, and Józef Kamala-Kurhański. Officially, Bereza Kartuska was not a part of Poland's penitentiary system, and the staff was composed of policemen, sent there as a punishment, rather than professional prison guards. Individuals were incarcerated at Bereza Kartuska by administrative decision, without right of appeal, for three months, although this term was often extended while Colonel Wacław Kostek-Biernacki served as its commander. The average prisoner would spend 8 months in the camp.〔Śleszyński 2003a, p. 100.〕 In the first three years of its history, the camp incarcerated people perceived as subversives and political opponents of the ruling Sanation regime. Recidivists and financial criminals were also detained starting from October 1937.〔 Citizens suspected of pro-German sympathies were first detained in Bereza in middle 1938.〔Śleszyński 2003a, p. 90.〕 In the first days of the September Campaign of 1939, Polish authorities started mass arrests of people suspected of such sympathies.〔Śleszyński 2003a, p. 91.〕 Some members of the German minority in Poland were detained in whole families, including women (previously never detained in the camp).〔Śleszyński 2003a, p. 91.〕 The camp ''de facto'' ceased to exist on the night of September 17–18, 1939 when, after learning about the Soviet invasion of Poland, the staff had abandoned it.〔Śleszyński 2003a, p. 92.〕 According to two reports, the departing policemen murdered some prisoners.〔Śleszyński 2003a, p. 93.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bereza Kartuska prison」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|